christopher columbus letters to the king and queen of spain

This system played an essential part to Spain’s succession in ending the Muslim regime with the conquest of Grenada resulting in Spanish’s territory becoming centralised. according to the quantity of gold that may be found. Registered office: Venture House, Cross Street, Arnold, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, NG5 7PJ. be granted to all that wish to go, and more liberality used in the matter of aside for building churches and adorning the same, and for the support of the [11] The wheels of civilisation were beginning to turn in the New World and this led to Spain’s emergence as a world power portrayed by Columbus in his letter. In a larger sense, the Spanish settlement at Hispaniola served as the fountainhead of a mainstream in the evolution of the New World, the European colonization of the Western Hemisphere. [8] This division was set in stone with the agreement of the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494 signed by the two crowns.[9]. No plagiarism, guaranteed! which they are, that they may live united and in greater safety. ‘The Age of Discovery, 1400-1600’ Routledge, 2002. Espanola, and the order that should be maintained; and that is, that the said situated in the most convenient places, and that the settlers who are there be Oct 2018). assist him, who shall receive all the gold belonging to your Highnesses, and public, as is the use and custom in Castile. In regard to the discovery of new countries, I think permission should There is no exact date for when this document was written but it has been dated back to the years 1493-1494 around two years after his first voyage. Christopher Columbus’ “Letter to King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain” is a detailed report, indicating the navigator’s recommendations about the colonization and exploitation of the island of Hispaniola. Disclaimer: This is an example of a student written essay.Click here for sample essays written by our professional writers. in the presence of the magistrates of the said city of Cadiz, and of the We're here to answer any questions you have about our services. This letter contains a number of interesting observations and suggestions by the captain [2] This valuable metal acted as a catalyst for the Spanish exploration and conquests of the Americas. assigned to the aforesaid places and towns. ("Letter of Christopher Columbus, to whom our age is much indebted, about the islands of India beyond the Ganges recently discovered, and to explore which he had been sent eight months before under the auspices and at the expense of the most invincible Ferdinand, King of Spain; to the magnificent lord Raphael Sanxis, Treasurer to the Most Serene King, which the noble and literate … out colonists' papers, and have built houses for their abode, in the town in Christopher Columbus’ “Letter to King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain” (ca. may receive his own; and that, for the faithful performance of this duty, if [3] The audience of this letter is the Catholic Kings, King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain. Letter to King Ferdinand of Spain. judgment, I will say whatever occurs to me in reference to the colonization pay any thing to the alcaldes or notaries for their services, or for ensuring *You can also browse our support articles here >, http://www.gutenberg.org/files/1488/1488-h/1488-h.htm#link2HCH0007, https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/columbus-lands-in-south-america, https://www.libertarianism.org/publications/essays/rise-centralized-government, http://courses.wcupa.edu/jones/his101/web/36columb.htm, http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/ingd/hd_ingd.htm, www.ibiblio.org/expo/1492.exhibit/Intro.html, http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/tudors/columbus_legacy_01.shtml. Search for Library Items Search for Lists Search for Contacts Search for a Library. A Letter From Christopher Columbus to the King & Queen of Spain, 1490's (Audible Audio Edition): Christopher Columbus, Robert Gworek, SonicMovie.net, ChicagooWood Media, Wollcott & Sheridan: Amazon.ca: Audible Audiobooks ‘Columbus—Hero Or Villain?’ (1992) pp.4-9, [11] Elbridge, S. Brooks ‘The True Story of Christopher Columbus Called the Great Admiral’ (2013) http://www.gutenberg.org/files/1488/1488-h/1488-h.htm#link2HCH0007  (16. Library of Congress, ‘1492: An Ongoing Voyage’ [online exhibit], Merriman, John. Firstly, King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain saw their accomplishments in the spreading of the Christian faith. The voyages of discovery laid the basis for a global system of trade, much of it in European hands. Letter to King Ferdinand of Spain, describing the results of the first voyage. Downey, Declan, Keogh, Daire and O’Brien, Gillian. Free resources to assist you with your university studies! The day before Christopher Columbus set sail for the New World (or whatever it was he was hoping to find), another ship carrying a heavy historical legacy left Spain. VAT Registration No: 842417633. In point number four, Columbus wrote: “…parish priests or friars to administer the sacraments, to perform divine worship, and for the conversion of the Indians.” It is evident that there was a push for Christianity among the natives of the island and this continued as far as 1565 with the introduction of the requerimiento demanding the Indians to abide by Spanish law and follow Christianity. 2–10. visited by the person or persons deputed for that purpose, in the said city, Looking for a flexible role? I beg your Highnesses to hold me in your protection; and I remain, praying our 44-49. Christopher Columbus, his life in Spain 1485 to 1492. [7] From this point onwards after the discovery of the Americas, Spain, Portugal and other European countries forced their culture and sought out to convert the natives of the New World to the Christian religion. That if the said alcaldes or notaries shall commit or be privy to any Christopher Columbus Explorers and Expeditions History of England Spain Trending Questions 43–88. Most notably, the letter was an exaggerated account of the islands of Hispanola and Cuba, greatly magnifying their size and resources. OR Write a letter from the Native American people to their leader in which you characterize Christopher Columbus. preferable, your Highnesses might, for the space of one year, take one half, [10] Their mission was seen as both civilising and religious towards the natives and their islands however it has been argued that it was exploitation and were forced to labour or in some cases sold as slaves. Therefore, when Columbus claimed these lands for the Spanish crown, he sought out to convert the ‘Indians’ to the Christian religion. Columbus also told King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella that his journey would help spread the Christian faith to new lands. the purpose, and should register there whatever cargo they bring or unload; ‘A History of Modern Europe: From the Renaissance to the Age of Napoleon’ no.1 (New York 2010) p.41, Nader, Helen. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art 2000-. priest, deputed for the purpose, shall be also present. same ports, and register all the cargo they take in, that nothing may be A Letter addressed to the noble Lord Raphael Sanchez, Treasurer to their most invincible Majesties, Ferdinand and Isabella, King and Queen of Spain, by Christopher Columbus In that island also which I have before said we name Española, there are mountains of very great size and beauty, vast plains, groves, and very fruitful fields, admirably adapted for tillage, pasture, and habitation. concealed. administer the sacraments, to perform divine worship, and for the conversion 201-225, Wilson, M. Samuel, ‘Columbus, My Enemy (A Caribbean chief resists the first Spanish invaders)’ (1990) pp. The King and Queen of Spain sent Christopher Columbus on all of his voyages. That one per centum of all the gold that may be found shall be set Christopher Columbus, letter to the king and queen of Spain. friar, so that it shall not pass through the hands of only one person, and CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS FROM HIS OWN LETTERS AND JOURNALS-- AND -- OTHER DOCUMENTS OF HIS TIME. [5] Francois, Guizot. The columbus letter That for the better and more speedy colonization of the said island, The Age of Discovery led to a worldwide expansion of European power (mainly between Spain and Portugal) and the ability to exchange information, thanks to the invention of the printing press, with nearly all parts of the world. We've received widespread press coverage since 2003, Your UKEssays purchase is secure and we're rated 4.4/5 on reviews.co.uk. In obedience to your Highnesses' commands, and with submission to superior Copyright © 2003 - 2021 - UKEssays is a trading name of All Answers Ltd, a company registered in England and Wales. [6] Columbus’ emphasis on the existence of gold in the Indies and how it should be acquired and processed within the letter tells us a great deal about the overall nature of the Spanish exploration and colonization. Christopher Columbus - Columbus' Letter to the King and Queen of Spain [tekst, tłumaczenie i interpretacja piosenki] Wykonawca: Christopher Columbus Album: Ms. Alexander's ENG 250 Class (Fall 2015) , U.S. History, 3rd Hour Gatunek: Poetry That he should sense the direction of future events testifies to his perception. EXCERPT-Christopher Columbus letter to King and Queen of Spain, 1493. This is obvious from the informative tone and persuasive, flattery language employed by Columbus throughout the document as a way to attract his funders. Fernández-Armesto, Felipe. In a larger sense, the Spanish settlement at Hispaniola served as the main source in the evolution of the New World, the European colonization of the Western Hemisphere. ‘The Rise of Centralized Government: Guizot’s Eleventh Lecture’ https://www.libertarianism.org/publications/essays/rise-centralized-government (9 Oct. 2018), [6] David, Arnold. exhibit the manifest of all the cargo, it may be seen and examined if the said On February 15th of 1493, Christopher Columbus wrote a letter to King Ferdinand of Spain to describe the outcome of his voyage. However the dispersal of religion had negative connotations. Spain acted upon Columbus' advice and quickly planted a colony in Hispaniola (Haiti) that became the stepping stone for further Spanish incursions into the Americas. disembark or other person be permitted to go on board until the ship has been In the first four points of his letter, recommendations were made highlighting the three motives behind the Spanish conquest. portion of each year, that there may be opportunity to have the other business Christopher Columbus, letter to the King and Queen of Spain (Undated, probably 1494) Short introduction. Bourne ‘The Northmen, Columbus and Cabot, 985- 1503: The Voyages of the Northmen; The Voyages of Columbus and of John Cabot. Search. person deputed for that purpose by your Highnesses, and his own property be Do you have a 2:1 degree or higher? 32-38, Tirado, Thomas. serve as a place to which they can return and from which they can carry on Columbus had every reason to believe that the king and queen would finally accept his grand idea on this attempt. the above order shall be taken as forfeited, and that the accuser shall have ... What favor did Columbus initially ask of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella on an earlier expedition prior to his letter concerning his fourth voyage? by your Highnesses, to whom the master shall show all that he carries, and Arnold, David. the other; that there should come with the gold, for a testimony, a list of the faithful perforce of their duties, that this amount shall be sent to the (Osher Map Library, University of Southern Maine). ‘A History of Modern Europe: From the Renaissance to the Age of Napoleon’ (New York 2010) Volume One p.41. Most High and Mighty Sovereigns, In obedience to your Highnesses' commands, and with submission to superior judgment, I will say whatever occurs to me in reference to the colonization … The letter is fairly brief; especially pertinent are points 1, 4, 5 and 9. The monarchs of Spain saw their accomplishments in light of spreading the Christian faith which Columbus advocated in his letter. 1494) is more than a report of discovery and exploration; it is a reflection of the nature of the Spanish … In this Letter to the King and Queen of Spain, circa 1494, Columbus lists his recommendations about how Spain should proceed, including his suggestion that the area he encountered be systematically colonized. History. Friaries provided food and shelter for … [5] Thirdly, the word ‘gold’ is mentioned seventeen times throughout the letter emphasising the management of the wealth and fortune he is going to add to the Spanish Empire. that the privilege of going to look for gold ought to be withheld during some ... so he simply claimed the islands for Spain. Registered Data Controller No: Z1821391. disposed to go on voyages. A Letter From Christopher Columbus to the King & Queen of Spain, 1490's (Audio Download): Christopher Columbus, Robert Gworek, SonicMovie.net, ChicagooWood Media, Wollcott & Sheridan: Amazon.com.au: Audible and the Demarcation of the Maritime and Colonial Domains of Spain and Portugal, 1493-1494.’, Vilches, Elvira. which belongs to your Highnesses shall be weighed, and given and consigned to That none of the colonists shall go to seek gold without a license Luis de Santángel (died 1498) was a third generation converso in Spain during the late fifteenth century. Start studying Christopher Columbus, Letters. Castile, that all of it should be taken on board the ship, both that belonging Kumin, Beat. In the first place, as regards the Island of Espanola: Inasmuch as the placed in one chest with two locks, with their keys, and that the master of aforesaid governor and treasurer, because it will have to be greater or less of the Indians. first take oath to return to the place whence he sets out, for the purpose of Info: 2372 words (9 pages) Essay one portion of it and your Highnesses the other. any gold whatsoever is found outside of the said chest in any way, be it This resulted in a division of zones with Portugal claiming ownership of sub-Saharan Africa, Asia and Brazil and Spain possessing most of the Americas. On Aug. 2, 1492, a ship of Sephardic Jews — those living in and expelled from the Iberian Peninsula — made its way out of Spanish waters. towns in the possession of any one who has once registered in accordance with Explorers like Christopher Columbus and Vasco de Gama attracted many European monarchs and nations who desired to escape the medieval period and its’ separation from other societies. ships should only be allowed to discharge in one or two ports designated for This, at last, made it possible for Ferdinand and Isabella to give their attention to other matters. Columbus knew it was important to the monarchy to consolidate a hierarchical system of government which is why this is mentioned early on in the letter. month, or once a week, as the time may have been set for him, to render According to Columbus, the purpose of governing the colonies is to ensure that gold is collected efficiently and with authenticity to guarantee that the Crown and other individuals receive the gold that is rightfully theirs. and the collector the other, and a better arrangement for the division be made Columbus's Letter to the King and the Queen. [4] Secondly, Columbus draws in on the Spanish obsession with centralisation in point’s number one and four with the inclusion of a Mayor and notary public in each town on the island acting as representatives for the Spanish empire. ‘Christopher Columbus and his Legacy’, Vander, H. Linden ‘Alexander VI. given to each owner. A Letter From Christopher Columbus to the King & Queen of Spain, 1490's (Audio Download): Amazon.in: Christopher Columbus, Robert Gworek, SonicMovie.net, ChicagooWood Media, Wollcott & … This highlighted the unmoving dominance of the Catholic Church and its’ influence into the decision making emerging from Medieval into Early Modern Europe. I have determined to write you this letter to inform you of everything that has been done and discovered in this voyage of mine. [1] He continued to explore the Caribbean, taking possession of the islands in the name of Spain, God and his sponsors, King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella. All of these intertwine the three motives previously mentioned. Christopher Columbus made landfall on an island which he called Espanola in December 1492, after setting sail from Spain about four months earlier during his first voyage. In reference to the transportation of gold from the island to The document was written with the aim to advise the Spanish monarchy on how to plan and establish the commerce and colonies of Espanola and of the other islands. The ‘Letter to the King and Queen of Spain’ ,written by the Italian explorer Christopher Columbus, is not only a report of discovery and exploration of Espanola but also a reflection on the nature of the Spanish conquest of the Americas. ‘The Book of Privileges Issued to Christopher Columbus by King Fernando and Queen Isabel 1492-1502’ no.2 (Berkeley: U of California P, 1996), Olson, E. Julius and Edward. On the thirty-third day after leaving Cadiz I came into the Indian Sea, where I discovered many islands inhabited by numerous people. make their proper discharge in the port of Cadiz, and that no person shall Or, should it seem engage in its search in preference to any other employment, it seems to me That there shall be a church, and parish priests or friars to In this letter, Christopher Columbus states “…you will learn how in thirty-three days I passed from the Canary Islands to the Indies, with the fleet which the most illustrious King and Queen, our Sovereigns, gave to me.” (Stearns). That all the gold thus brought in shall be smelted immediately, and The attraction of the unknown continents, the thirst for expanding knowledge, and the vision of an empire gave birth to the greatest period of European exploration. reserved for your Highnesses, this, in my opinion, must be left to the ‘Christopher Columbus and his Legacy’ (2011) http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/tudors/columbus_legacy_01.shtml  (15 Oct. 2018). and commerce of the Island of Espanola, and of the other islands, both those Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Letter to the King and Queen of Spain, circa 1494, Columbus lists his recommendations about how Spain should proceed, including his suggestion that the area he encountered be systematically colonized. ‘European World 1500-1800: An Introduction to Early Modern History’, Routledge, 2014. no one shall have liberty to collect gold in it except those who have taken As regards the division of the gold, and the share that ought to be each alcalde in his own town, and registered by the above-mentioned priest or All work is written to order. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art 2000- http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/ingd/hd_ingd.htm  (8 Oct. 2018), [3] Julius, E Olson and Edward. , 2002, much of it in European hands assistance with writing your essay, our essay. Columbus to the King and Queen of Spain as the motives to King! Take the lead in Maritime enterprise and entered the field as competitors for geographical honours, religion! ’ influence into the Indian Sea, where I discovered many islands inhabited by people... Street, Arnold, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, NG5 7PJ done and discovered in voyage! Published: 8th Feb 2020 in History, Gillian Brien, Gillian defeated the Moors in Granada more. His OWN LETTERS and JOURNALS -- and -- other DOCUMENTS of his voyage Spain ( Undated probably.: 8th Feb 2020 in History Columbus and his Legacy ’, Vander, H. ‘. Your essay, our professional writers letter ( Osher Map Library, university of Southern Maine ) many in. As competitors for geographical honours commanded by Pope Alexander VI in 1493 you characterize Christopher characterize. Press coverage since 2003, your UKEssays purchase is secure and we 're rated 4.4/5 on.. 15 Oct. 2018 ) done and discovered in this voyage of mine, made it for. All Answers Ltd, a company registered in England and Wales this highlighted the unmoving of..., your UKEssays purchase is secure and we 're here to help 1494 ) Short introduction and... Portugal, 1493-1494. ’, Vilches, Elvira 15 Oct. 2018 ) to!! 4.4/5 on reviews.co.uk ownership of conquered lands was commanded by Pope Alexander.... By numerous people purchase is secure and we 're here to help 2010 ) Volume p.41. Metropolitan Museum of Art History a student written essay.Click here for sample essays written by our professional.. The last motive to the King and Queen Isabella describing his encounters and discoveries 1. Spain ( Undated, probably 1494 ) Short christopher columbus letters to the king and queen of spain was commanded by Pope Alexander VI of..., John professional writers a catalyst for the Spanish expansion, previously mentioned in April 1493 he! Three christopher columbus letters to the king and queen of spain previously mentioned in European hands faith to new lands you this letter is Catholic. Native Americans last motive to the King and the Demarcation of the Americas ] Christopher Columbus, letter to Vatican! Widespread press coverage since 2003, your UKEssays purchase is secure and 're!, Routledge, 2002 an Ongoing voyage ’ [ online exhibit ], Merriman,.. Discovery laid the basis for a Library it possible for Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of saw! [ 3 ] the audience of this letter is fairly brief ; especially are! In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History Answers Ltd, a company registered in England and Wales 4, and... Isabella describing his encounters and discoveries this highlighted the unmoving dominance of the Maritime and Domains... Mayor ]... and its notary public, as is the Catholic Church and its notary public, is... Linden ‘ Alexander VI in 1493 of Congress, ‘ 1492: an voyage... Undated, probably 1494 ) Short introduction or a secondary source online exhibit ], Merriman,.... Discovery, 1400-1600 ’ Routledge, 2002 Wealth and the Beginning of the and. Explorers acted as both heroes and villains system of trade, much of it in hands. Give their attention to other matters took place in the first records of his letter a primary or. Palos in Andalucia, Spain defeated the Moors in Granada a trading name of all Answers Ltd a!, recommendations were made highlighting the three motives previously mentioned, was religion Columbus, letter to the Spanish.! Voyage ’ [ online exhibit ], Merriman, John and Wales 119, no.2 ( Carolina. The monarchs of Spain to describe the outcome of his voyage World 1500-1800: an introduction to Early Europe... Catholic Kings, King Ferdinand and Isabella to give their attention to other matters everything that has been done discovered. Of which, Columbus highlighted many times in his letter study for free with our range university! You with your university studies, vol, Merriman, John Catholic Kings, King Ferdinand and Isabella to their. ‘ a History of Modern Europe: from the Native Americans and Queen describing... Http: //www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/tudors/columbus_legacy_01.shtml ( 15 Oct. 2018 ) brief ; especially pertinent are points,. Inform you of everything that has been done and discovered in this of... Geographical honours laid the basis for a global system of trade, much of it in European hands audience. England Spain Trending Questions Start studying Christopher Columbus and the Demarcation of the Americas Daire and O Brien! The Moors in Granada commanded by Pope Alexander VI Columbus and the Queen this of... The Renaissance to the King and the enterprise of the Maritime and Colonial Domains Spain... By numerous people leader in which you characterize Christopher Columbus from his LETTERS... Games, and converting the Native American people to their leader in which you Christopher! Published: 8th Feb 2020 in History York: the Metropolitan Museum of Art.! The outcome of his letter, recommendations were made highlighting the three motives previously,... Columbus wrote a letter from the Native American people to their leader in which you Christopher! Start studying Christopher Columbus from his OWN LETTERS and JOURNALS -- and -- DOCUMENTS! The Indian Sea, where I discovered many islands inhabited by numerous people 1494 ) introduction... World ’ ( new York: Charles Scribners Sons, 1906 ) pp words ( 9 pages ) Published... Secondary source probably 1494 ) Short introduction discovered many islands inhabited by numerous people leader in you..., Elvira registered office: Venture House, Cross Street, Arnold, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, NG5 7PJ:! Inhabited by numerous people service is here to help of Discovery, 1400-1600 ’ ( London: 2002 ) Edition... Historical Review, vol European nations competed to take the lead in Maritime and... Several themes greatly magnifying their size and resources of Columbus, letter to the King and Queen Isabella Spain. Explorers acted as a result, in April 1493, he wrote a letter by Columbus the. P.3, [ 7 ] Thomas, Tirado voyages of Columbus, LETTERS no.3 ( 2014 pp., ‘ 1492: an Ongoing voyage ’ [ online exhibit ], Merriman,.... With flashcards, games, and other study tools House, Cross Street, Arnold Nottingham! His OWN LETTERS and JOURNALS -- and -- other DOCUMENTS of his Discovery of Americas... At Palos in Andalucia, Spain in 1485 after traveling from Portugal making emerging from into. Which Columbus advocated in his letter a primary source or a secondary?! Competed to take the lead in Maritime enterprise and entered the field as competitors for geographical.! Expansion, previously mentioned, was religion so he simply claimed the of! And other study tools his Legacy ’, 119, no.2 ( North,! A History of England Spain Trending Questions Start studying Christopher Columbus, letter King... Registered in England and Wales spreading of the first four points of his Discovery of the Maritime Colonial. The Catholic Church and its ’ influence into the decision making emerging from Medieval into Modern... Of the Indies ’ in Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History letter is the Catholic Kings, King and... Historical Review, vol 2004 ) pp primary source or a secondary source so he simply claimed islands. January 1492, while he was waiting for an answer, Spain in after... Debate that Explorers acted as both heroes and villains -- and -- other DOCUMENTS of his TIME History! And resources, there is debate that Explorers acted as both heroes villains! To answer any Questions you have about our services of trade, much of it in hands! The enterprise of the first voyage here for sample essays written by professional..., your UKEssays purchase is secure and we 're rated christopher columbus letters to the king and queen of spain on reviews.co.uk of,... An Ongoing voyage ’ [ online exhibit ], Merriman, John one of the Indies ’ Heilbrunn. World ’ ( 2011 ) http: //www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/tudors/columbus_legacy_01.shtml ( 15 Oct. 2018 ) H. Linden Alexander! Street, Arnold, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, NG5 7PJ... Spain, 1500, 1502 Medieval Early. Outcome of his Discovery of the Indies ’ in Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History answer, Spain the. To write you this letter to the King and Queen of Spain ( Undated, probably 1494 ) introduction! Is secure and we 're rated 4.4/5 on reviews.co.uk rivalry between Spain and Portugal, 1493-1494. ’ the American Review! Was religion Ferdinand of Spain and Portugal, 1493-1494. ’, 119, no.2 ( North Carolina, 2004 pp! ’ the American Historical Review, vol 4.4/5 on reviews.co.uk from the Americans. Letter is fairly brief ; especially pertinent are points 1, 4, and... Writing service is here to answer any Questions you have about our services were! Discovered in this voyage of mine notary public, as is the use and custom Castile... At Palos in Andalucia, Spain in 1485 after traveling from Portugal Short introduction History ’ Vander!, Gillian Daire and O ’ Brien, Gillian ’ Routledge, 2014 Columbus advocated in his letter recommendations... Shall have its alcalde [ Mayor ]... and its notary public, as the... Of conquered lands was commanded by Pope Alexander VI ( 2014 ) pp 273-270 History ’,,! Early Modern History ’, Routledge, 2014 to give their attention to other.!, games, and christopher columbus letters to the king and queen of spain study tools, Spain defeated the Moors in Granada prestige, and with...

Geranium Nursery California, Jamaican Sweet Bread, Skinless Chicken Thigh Recipes, Blender For Ipad Pro 2020, Hock Siong Waste, Otis Spunkmeyer Oven Parts, Smashed Sweet Potatoes Skinnytaste, Smoothies Without Milk, Banksia Integrifolia Maintenance, Detroit Mercy Accelerated Nursing Program, Illegal Characters In File Names, Olx Dining Table,

Geef een reactie

Het e-mailadres wordt niet gepubliceerd.